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Table 1 Main characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis

From: Association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Country

Study design

SIBO diagnostic test

Prevalence of SIBO in Parkinson's patients

SIBO diagnostic criteria

Age (years)

Gender (male/female)

Disease course (years)

Quality assessment

Hasuike et al. [10], 2020

Japan

cross‐sectional

LBT

19/39(48.7%)

10 g lactulose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 20 ppm above basal value within the first 2 h

Overall 66.9 ± 10.4

SIBO + : 64.9 ± 6.3

SIBO-: 68.0 ± 5.4

Overall 17/22

SIBO + : 9/10

SIBO-: 7/9

Overall: 7.2 ± 5.1

SIBO + : 6.5 ± 2.0

SIBO-: 7.6 ± 2.5

Selection: 3

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

DiBaise et al. [11], 2018

USA

cross‐sectional

GBT

12/51(23.5%)

not stated

not stated

32/19

not stated

Selection: 3

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Su et al. [7], 2017

USA

cross‐sectional

LBT

22/64(34.4%)

10 g lactulose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 20 ppm on 2 distinct peaks within 1.5 h

72 (52–91)

33/31

6.5 (0.6–22)

Selection: 4

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Niu et al. [12], 2016

China

cohort study

GBT

cases: 55/182(30.2%) controls:19/200(9.5%)

50 g glucose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 20 ppm or CH4 increase > 10 ppm above basal value within the first 1 h

cases: 65 (50–74) SIBO + : 66 (50–75) SIBO-: 64 (50–74) controls: 65 (51–74)

cases: 104/78 SIBO + : 30/25 SIBO-: 74/53 controls: none

cases: 7 (3–12) SIBO + : 10 (5–15) SIBO-: 6 (2–10)

Selection: 4

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Tan et al. [13], 2014

Malaysia

cross‐sectional

LBT

26/103 (25.2%)

10 g lactulose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 10 ppm or CH4 increase > 20 ppm above basal value within the first 1.5 h

Overall 65.4 ± 8.5

SIBO + : 67.2 ± 10.1

SIBO-: 64.8 ± 8.0

Overall 62/41

SIBO + : 16/10

SIBO-: 46/31

Overall 7.3 ± 5.3

SIBO + : 5.2 ± 4.1

SIBO-: 8.1 ± 5.5

Selection: 4

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Fasano et al. [14], 2013

Italy

cohort study

LBT and GBT

cases: 18/33(54.5%) controls: 6/30 (20%)

not stated

cases: 67.8 ± 8.5

controls: 65.4 ± 4.8

cases: 18/15

SIBO + : 11/7 SIBO-: 7/8

controls:13/17

cases: 11.7 ± 5.0

controls: none

Selection: 3

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 3

Dobbs et al. [15], 2013

UK

cross-sectional

LBT

40/66 (60.6%)

25 g lactulose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 20 ppm on 2 consecutive measurements within 2 h

Overall 63 (46, 82)

Overall 41/25

Overall

6.8 (4.5, 8.7)

Selection: 4

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Dobbs et al. [16], 2012

UK

cross‐sectional

LBT

34/51 (66.7%)

25 g lactulose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 20 ppm on 2 consecutive measurements within 2 h

65 (48,81)

32/19

6.5 (4.4,8.9)

Selection: 4

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Gabrielli et al. [17], 2011

Germany

cohort study

GBT

cases: 26/48(54.2%) controls:3/36 (8.3%)

50 g glucose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 12 ppm above basal value within 2 h

cases: 66 ± 10

SIBO + : 67 ± 10

SIBO-: 63 ± 9

controls: 64 ± 9

cases: 23/25

SIBO + : 14/12 SIBO-: 9/13

controls:16/20

SIBO + : 10.6 ± 3.6

SIBO-: 7.4 ± 2.7

controls: none

Selection: 4

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Charlett et al. [18], 2009

UK

cross‐sectional

LBT

24/40(60%)

25 g lactulose load is orally administered, H2 increase > 20 ppm on 2 consecutive measurements within 2 h

60.8 (41.0–80.5)

not stated

not stated

Selection: 3

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2

Davies et al. [19], 1996

UK

cohort study

LBT

cases:10/15(66.7%) controls:3/15(20%)

10 g lactulose load is orally administered, a rise of at least 5 ppm above fasting levels in the end expiratory hydrogen concentration

cases: 73.9

(68.3–80.5)

controls: 73.6

(67.6–80.3)

cases: 6/9

controls: 6/9

not stated

Selection: 3

Comparability: 2 Outcome: 1

  1. LHB lactulose breath test, GBT glucose breath test, ppm parts per million, SIBO small intestinal bacterial overgrowth