Fig. 1

Gastric mucosal microbiome dysbiosis between S-C and S-LC. S-C represents gastric mucosa derived from the control group, and S-LC represents gastric mucosa derived from the liver cirrhosis group. In A, B, D–F, red is the S-C group, and blue is the S-LC group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. A Increased microbial richness, estimated by Shannon index. B Gastric mucosal microbiota showed relative clustering between control subjects compared with all patients with cirrhosis. C Relative abundance of microbial species at the phylum level. D The difference in species composition at the genus level. E The LDA value distribution histogram shows the species between S-C and S-LC at the genus level (LDA > 4). F The relative abundance of H. pylori was higher in S-C than in S-LC. Statistical significance was determined by the Mann–Whitney U test