Study No | Author | Year | Study Years | Subjects type | Mental disorder | Continent | Diagnostic method | Case Size | Infected | Mean age | Control Size | Infected | Mean age | Species of parasites |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Yolken et al. | 2001 | 1998–1999 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | EIA & Western Blot | 38 | 16 | 27 | 27 | 3 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
2 | Brown et al. | 2005 | 1959–1967 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | Sabin-Feldman Dye Test | 63 | 25 | – | 123 | 30 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
3 | El-Sahn et al. | 2005 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | EIA | 75 | 60 | – | 85 | 45 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
4 | Alvarado-Esquivel et al. | 2006 | 2005–2006 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | ELISA | 137 | 25 | 43.7 | 180 | 16 | 42 | Toxoplasma gondii |
5 | Wang et al. | 2006 | – | Hospitalized/Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Bipolar and Related Disorder | Asia | ELISA | 1200 | 170 | 22.63 | 400 | 23 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
6 | Akyol et al. | 2006 | 2003 | Non hospitalized | Neurocognitive disorders | Asia | ELISA | 100 | 31 | 28.88 | 50 | 10 | 27.56 | Toxoplasma gondii |
7 | Mokhtari et al. | 2006 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 230 | 41 | – | 230 | 17 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
8 | Cetinkaya et al. | 2007 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 100 | 66 | 37.25 | 100 | 23 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
9 | Saraei-Sahnesaraei et al. | 2007 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 103 | 57 | 35.36 | 114 | 58 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
10 | Tamer et al. | 2008 | 2004–2005 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 40 | 16 | – | 37 | 5 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
11 | Yuksel et al. | 2008 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & Sabin-Feldman Dye Test | 450 | 237 | – | 150 | 68 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
12 | Dogruman-Al et al | 2009 | 2007–2008 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 88 | 42 | 38.5 | 88 | 19 | 29.2 | Toxoplasma gondii |
13 | Xiao et al. | 2009 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | ELISA | 219 | 91 | – | 613 | 215 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
14 | Saraei-Sahnesaraei et al. | 2009 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 103 | 41 | – | 114 | 80 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
15 | Mahmoud et al. | 2009 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 96 | 55 | 38.25 | 96 | 22 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
16 | Daryani et al. | 2010 | 2009 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 80 | 55 | 32.95 | 91 | 61 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
17 | Miman et al. | 2010 | 2008 | Non hospitalized | Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 42 | 20 | 34.05 | 100 | 19 | 38.1 | Toxoplasma gondii |
18 | Tanyuksel et al. | 2010 | 2002–2006 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & Sabin-Feldman Dye Test | 70 | 32 | 23.4 | 40 | 15 | 30.3 | Toxoplasma gondii |
19 | Xiao et al. | 2010 | 2006–2008 | Non hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder, Trauma and Stressor Related Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 914 | 99 | – | 2634 | 328 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
20 | Yuksel et al. | 2010 | 2007 | Hospitalized | Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 300 | 182 | 42.6 | 300 | 123 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
21 | Krause et al. | 2010 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | 31 | 12 | 36.7 | 30 | 6 | 33.7 | Toxoplasma gondii |
22 | Hamidinejat et al. | 2010 | – | Hospitalized/Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 144 | 77 | 33 | 48 | 16 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
23 | Alipour et al. | 2011 | 2009–2010 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 62 | 42 | 37.54 | 62 | 23 | 37.24 | Toxoplasma gondii |
24 | Alvarado-Esquivel et al. | 2011 | 2009–2010 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | ELISA | 50 | 10 | 45.12 | 150 | 8 | 45.1 | Toxoplasma gondii |
25 | Liu ET et al. | 2011 | – | Hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder | Asia | ELISA | 477 | 112 | 29.86 | 210 | 12 | 28.12 | Toxoplasma gondii |
26 | Mortensen et al. | 2011 | 1991–1994 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | Optical density | 127 | 33 | – | 127 | 26 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
27 | Bamne et al. | 2012 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | ELISA | 604 | 159 | – | 404 | 83 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
28 | Horacek et al. | 2012 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA & CFT | 44 | 12 | 30.82 | 56 | 13 | 27.89 | Toxoplasma gondii |
29 | Nascimento et al. | 2012 | – | Non hospitalized | Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | South America | ELISA & ELFA | 79 | 38 | 32.7 | 95 | 27 | 38.2 | Toxoplasma gondii |
30 | Park et al. | 2012 | 2010–2011 | Hospitalized/Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & IFA | 96 | 21 | 46.14 | 50 | 4 | 44.8 | Toxoplasma gondii |
31 | Emelia et al. | 2012 | 2011 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 144 | 54 | – | 144 | 49 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
32 | El-Sayed et al. | 2012 | – | Hospitalized/Non hospitalized | Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ELISA | 90 | 46 | 38.0 | 20 | 6 | 37.76 | Toxoplasma gondii |
33 | James et al. | 2013 | 2011–2014 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | Rapid Test-Cassette | 140 | 43 | 28.2 | 140 | 25 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
34 | Juanah et al. | 2013 | – | Hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder | Asia | ELISA | 88 | 45 | – | 88 | 27 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
35 | khademvatan et al. | 2013 | 2011–2012 | Hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder | Asia | ELISA | 117 | 37 | 33.93 | 200 | 53 | 33.88 | Toxoplasma gondii |
36 | Pearce et al. | 2013 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | ELISA | 183 | 21 | 44.9 | 137 | 13 | 37.7 | Toxoplasma gondii |
37 | Hamdani et al. | 2013 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | 110 | 80 | 44.87 | 106 | 41 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
38 | Khademvatan et al. | 2014 | 2011–2012 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 100 | 34 | 36.39 | 200 | 53 | 25.04 | Toxoplasma gondii |
39 | AL-Maamuri et al. | 2014 | 2012–2013 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & LAT | 200 | 143 | – | 100 | 45 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
40 | Ebadi et al. | 2014 | 2011–2012 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 152 | 129 | 32.7 | 152 | 93 | 33.5 | Toxoplasma gondii |
41 | Elsaid et al. | 2014 | – | Hospitalized/Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ELISA | 300 | 151 | – | 300 | 66 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
42 | Karabulut et al. | 2015 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 85 | 35 | 41.73 | 60 | 26 | 40.45 | Toxoplasma gondii |
43 | Omar et al. | 2015 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & PCR | 101 | 52 | 41.1 | 55 | 10 | 45.3 | Toxoplasma gondii |
44 | Cong et al. | 2015 | 2011–2013 | Non hospitalized | Neurocognitive disorders | Asia | ELISA | 445 | 77 | – | 445 | 55 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
45 | Khattak et al. | 2015 | 2013–2014 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 142 | 58 | 8.61 | 76 | 12 | 8.42 | Toxoplasma gondii |
46 | Cevizci et al. | 2015 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 30 | 10 | – | 60 | 13 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
47 | Bakre et al. | 2015 | – | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | ELISA & LAT | 93 | 41 | – | 93 | 12 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
48 | Alvarado-Esquivel et al. | 2015 | 2013–2014 | Non hospitalized | Neurocognitive disorders | North America | ELISA | 149 | 15 | 36.01 | 149 | 14 | 36.03 | Toxoplasma gondii |
49 | Esshili et al. | 2016 | – | Hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder | Africa | ELISA | 246 | 184 | 40.5 | 117 | 63 | 38.6 | Toxoplasma gondii |
50 | Kheirandish et al. | 2016 | 2015 | Non hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 170 | 103 | – | 170 | 65 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
51 | Zaki et al. | 2016 | – | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 162 | 58 | – | 163 | 24 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
52 | Menati Rashno et al. | 2016 | 2014–2015 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 87 | 58 | 78.17 | 87 | 49 | 45.63 | Toxoplasma gondii |
53 | El-Aal et al. | 2016 | 2015–2016 | Non hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ELISA | 230 | 50 | – | 60 | 7 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
54 | Youssef Saad et al. | 2016 | 2015–2016 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ELISA & Western Blot | 100 | 52 |  | 100 | 11 |  | Toxoplasma gondii |
55 | Dalimiasl et al. | 2016 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 76 | 42 | – | 75 | 27 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
56 | Abdollahian et al. | 2017 | 2011–2012 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 350 | 164 | 35.0 | 350 | 120 | 38.0 | Toxoplasma gondii |
57 | Alvarado-Esquivel et al. | 2017 | 2014 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | ELISA & PCR | 65 | 6 | 40.3 | 195 | 21 | 40.6 | Toxoplasma gondii |
58 | Ansari-Lari et al. | 2017 | – | Non hospitalized | Depressive Disorder | Asia | ELISA | 99 | 42 | 40.3 | 152 | 41 | 40.6 | Toxoplasma gondii |
59 | Bak et al. | 2017 | 2015–2016 | Non hospitalized | Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 155 | 21 | 43.75 | 135 | 8 | 41.59 | Toxoplasma gondii |
60 | Akaltun et al. | 2017 | – | Non hospitalized | Neurocognitive disorders | Asia | ELISA & Sabin-Feldman Dye Test | 120 | 40 | – | 60 | 6 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
61 | Fallahi et al. | 2017 | – | Non hospitalized | Neurocognitive disorders | Asia | ELISA & PCR | 115 | 61 | 75.2 | 115 | 64 | 74.1 | Toxoplasma gondii |
62 | Rashno et al. | 2017 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 87 | 46 | – | 87 | 35 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
63 | Campos-Carli et al. | 2017 | – | Non hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | South America | ELISA | 40 | 27 | 40.62 | 48 | 32 | 40.21 | Toxoplasma gondii |
64 | Hamed et al. | 2018 | 2017–2018 | Non hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Africa | IHAT | 200 | 84 | 41.15 | 200 | 35 | 35.58 | Toxoplasma gondii |
65 | Stepanova et al. | 2018 | 2016 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | 115 | 62 | – | 152 | 39 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
66 | Muflikhah et al. | 2018 | 2015 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 94 | 65 | – | 64 | 42 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
67 | Wokem et al. | 2018 | – | Hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder | Africa | ELISA | 200 | 109 | – | 200 | 57 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
68 | Alvarado-Esquivel | 2019 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | North America | EIA | 66 | 6 | – | 396 | 22 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
69 | Chen et al. | 2019 | 2016–2018 | Hospitalized | Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Asia | ECLIA | 798 | 106 | 38.83 | 681 | 64 | 37.66 | Toxoplasma gondii |
70 | Fentahun et al. | 2019 | 2018 | Hospitalized | Depressive Disorder | Africa | Direct smear & Sedimentation | 104 | 21 | 14.05 | 314 | 49 | 11.96 | Giardia lamblia & Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar |
71 | Sapmaz et al. | 2019 | 2017–2018 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 37 | 8 | 15.6 | 36 | 2 | 14.55 | Toxoplasma gondii |
72 | Stepanova et al. | 2019 | 2016 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | 155 | 62 | – | 159 | 32 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
73 | Achaw et al. | 2019 | 2018 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | Rapid Test-Cassette | 152 | 53 | – | 152 | 31 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
74 | Alshehri et al. | 2019 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 30 | 18 | – | 20 | 6 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
75 | Oana et al. | 2019 | 2011–2012 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ELISA | 91 | 40 | 38.7 | 206 | 73 | 48.9 | Toxoplasma gondii |
76 | El-Gebaly et al. | 2019 | 2018 | Hospitalized | Depressive Disorder | Africa | ELISA | 120 | 54 | – | 120 | 59 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
77 | Nasirpour et al. | 2020 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & PCR | 87 | 53 | 61.9 | 87 | 49 | 61.9 | Toxoplasma gondii |
78 | Ali et al. | 2020 | 2018–2019 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ELISA & Western Blot | 45 | 25 | 39.82 | 45 | 13 | 37.35 | Toxoplasma gondii |
79 | Huseein et al. | 2020 | 2016 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ELISA | 110 | 57 | – | 50 | 15 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
80 | Kezai et al. | 2020 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ELISA | 70 | 49 | 40.76 | 70 | 37 | 37.97 | Toxoplasma gondii |
81 | Al-Antably et al. | 2021 | – | Non hospitalized | Depressive Disorder | Africa | ELISA | 150 | 64 | – | 150 | 29 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
82 | Bahceci et al. | 2021 | – | Non hospitalized | Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 200 | 72 | – | 100 | 21 | 29.73 | Toxoplasma gondii |
83 | Ekici et al. | 2021 | 2018–2020 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 190 | 120 | – | 100 | 29 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
84 | Kamal et al. | 2021 | 2017–2019 | Non hospitalized | Bipolar and Related Disorder | Africa | Direct smear & Sedimentation & Stain | 983 | 337 | 36.2 | 983 | 105 | 35.4 | Giardia lamblia & Blastocystis hominis &E. histolytica dispar & Entamoeba coli & Cryptosporidium spp & Cyclospora cayetanensis |
85 | sirin et al. | 2021 | – | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ECLIA | 48 | 9 | – | 50 | 10 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
86 | Zahariluddin et al. | 2021 | – | Non hospitalized | Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 109 | 26 | – | 109 | 35 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
87 | sirin et al. | 2021 | 2019–2020 | Non hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ECLIA | 38 | 6 | 37.13 | 48 | 9 | 36.08 | Toxoplasma gondii |
88 | Grada et al. | 2022 | 2018–2019 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Europe | ECLIA | 308 | 209 | 45.64 | 296 | 160 | 45.29 | Toxoplasma gondii |
89 | Liu et al. | 2022 | 2015–2020 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA | 3101 | 94 | 32.85 | 2194 | 23 | 32.33 | Toxoplasma gondii |
90 | Mohammed | 2022 | – | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Asia | ELISA & LAT | 45 | 28 | – | 40 | 13 | – | Toxoplasma gondii |
91 | Ademe et al. | 2022 | 2018–2019 | Hospitalized | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders | Africa | ECLIA | 47 | 41 | 29.64 | 47 | 38 | 30.98 | Toxoplasma gondii |